Essay Distinctive Ideas Witness Assessment

Paper Distinctive Ideas Witness Assessment Paper Distinctive Ideas Witness Assessment â€Å"Witness† particular thoughts paper Presentation: - The film spine chiller, ‘Witness’, coordinated by Peter Weir and gazing John Book, a character rendered by the entertainer Harrison Ford, portrays the perfect American police investigator attempting to protect the life of a youthful Amish kid, after he falls â€Å"witness† to a homicide. - Theme: - Nature of Man: Good versus Evil: the possibility that each individual has both great and terrible offered to them, be that as it may, it is in their temperament to use the positive or negative in various circumstances. - Although not utilized as a general stand apart topic, it is unobtrusively embedded into the characters and the universes they live in. Passage 1: - SCENE 1: Book’s firearm - Samuel finds the weapon, Rachel discovers, and Eli addresses Samuel - GOOD: - John’s nature to respond the manner in which he did when he saw Samuel with the firearm - Rachel (mother’s) intuition to react to the situation that way she did - speaks to the positive qualities in the Amish individuals â€Å"while you’re in this house, I demand that you regard our ways† - The idea of Samuel - reveal to Eli that he would just utilize the weapon to slaughter awful individuals - â€Å"I would just execute the terrible man† - Eli instructs Samuel on what is directly from wrong. - EVIL: - John Book’s impact over Samuel, which sees Samuel inquisitive to attempt to deal with the weapon. - Catalyst for savagery. - Eli â€Å"unclean thing† - Eli infers that Book is irreverent by carrying the firearm into the house. - TECHNIQUES: - Camera edges - close up shots (places accentuation on feelings/responses and topic with next to zero reference to the foundation), medium shots (midsection upwards, watching outward appearances and non-verbal communication, environmental factors and condition) - Lighting - common lighting (anyway light is fighting against eminent loss which depicts pessimism - Book and Samuel scene), counterfeit light (diminish light demonstrating evening time - Sound impacts (discourse - voices) Passage 2: - SCENE 3: Book gets down to business and gets some answers concerning the demise of Carter (work accomplice) - GOOD: - Amish individuals don’t retaliate with travelers - potential individuals from Western world - Daniel doesn't fight back to the activities of the vacationers - spoke to as the greater individual/from the better network - â€Å"It’s not our way† - Eli - John’s nature to respond to the vacationers so as to secure the Amish - he comprehends the positive qualities in them and that they ought not be treated in such a way. - EVIL: - Makes a correlation with the western world being terrible by ridiculing the Amish. - Portrayal of the genuine western word - all of John’s activities - not completely adjusted to the Amish society starting at yet - After creation contact with the Western World, John gets exasperated subsequent to getting some answers concerning the demise of Carter thus, this impacts him to fight back to the activities of the visitors. - Although Eli discloses to Book that its not their approach to retaliate, John says - â€Å"It’s my way† - TECHNIQUES: - Camera edges - cart shot (stays aware of the subject/characters by methods for a track), wide shots (shows the condition that the characters are in and afterward centers around principle subjects), close ups (shows the subtleties of the characters, responses and feelings) - Lighting - regular lighting (upgrades the impact of the

Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical quality - Essay Example f Catholic good reasoning. Reason educated confidence The Catholic Church attempted to stop the division of balanced profound quality and confidence ethical quality, in any case comprehended as unadulterated humanism and sectarianism (Gula, 1989, p. 1). For the adherent, confidence and reason can be coordinated in its ethical custom to make Christian lessons increasingly justifiable for non-devotees also. This is additionally explained in Humanae Vitae distributed in 1968 which pointed that regular law is additionally made noteworthy by divine disclosures just as in the scriptural compositions (Gula, 1989, p. 1). The last maintains that the ethical standards can be educated, utilizing consistent derivations of reason, from the point of view of confidence (Gula, 1989, p. 32) The religious administrators have in like manner applied this ethical structure to determine the issues on homosexuality which explained the objective limit of people to get sex and sexuality; lit up by confidence (Gula, 1989, p. 25). This religious situation of the issues of ethical quality is additionally appropriate to the issues and issues of bioethics, logical advancement, and other improvement which put the Christian lessons under social and good issue. Despite the weights, the congregation reliably represented the pride of creation and the need to regard human rights. All things considered, the Catholic Church kept up that such human pride can't just be seen independently by reason however by unquestioning confidence with conviction that poise is an endowment of undeniable to any individual, regardless of whether the equivalent be deciphered utilizing the laws of nature. All things considered, each individual needs to have an educated confidence, lit up by reason, to comprehend the vital objective of good life and on the most proficient method to carry on well as an ethical specialist. Each Catholic devotee must be pervaded with intelligence about the job of being as an ethical specia list. Also, as a steadfast, must have a reference which filled in as the rules for moral judgment (Gula, 1989, p. 9; Blair, 2010, p 1). Normal issues with humankind Like different establishments on earth, the Catholic Church is likewise taunted and shaken with variegated issues (Hamilton, 2013, p. 1). There were occurrences when the congregation is being subject of defilement, sexuality, sketchy budgetary relations with state specialists, and other social issues, for example, their association in extractive enterprises, in corporate utilizing, and in hoarding land properties to the detriment of those property-less and those that are deprived of monetary ability to meet even the most key needâ€food (Hamilton, 2013, p. 1). The renunciation of past Pope was even disputably labeled with fluctuated issues on debasement and political plots because of some supposed exchanges done. There were numerous clerics that were purportedly dependable on sexual relations, which abused the nobility of ladies;

How might the development of professional learning communities enhance Essay

In what capacity may the advancement of expert learning networks upgrade instructing and learning in Design and Technology in the grade school - Essay Example Every one of these qualities guarantee that an expert exhibits aptitude and strength over their exchange. Consequently, professionalization turned into a typical pattern among various occupations, and one that has gotten incredible consideration from sociologists (Wueste, 1997). While professionalization is commonly acknowledged as a significant course among occupations, it has gotten different analysis originating from various points. Andrew Abbott’s principle pundit about the thought of demonstrable skill are specific cases of scholars that â€Å"the advancement of callings are unidirectional; that the improvement of individual callings doesn't rely upon that of others; that what callings doâ€the function just as the requisit expertiseâ€is less significant than how they are orgnised to do it; that callings are homogeneous units; and that the procedure of professionalization doesn't change over time† (Wueste, 1997, p. 8). Identified with the last component distinguished by Abbot, another significant critcism depends on the way that polished methodology is established. Various occupations have created more elevated levels of preparing and gauges of training to upgrade their cases to proficient status. Be that as it may, Wilensky (1964) sa id that a considerable lot of these gatherings laid on an information base which was either excessively broad and obscure, or excessively thin. Their insight base was feeble and not straightforwardly utilized by them. Polished methodology is additionally muddled by copmeting methods of regulating skill, for example, commodification and beurocratic association (Wuestes, 1997). Therefore, a progressively favored term was utilized by Etzioni (1969) to characterize these occupations: semi-experts. The field of instruction has been truly in consistent danger of de-professionalization (Bottery and Wright, 2000), and instructors might be viewed as being prime instances of what Etzioni (1969) call as semi-experts. A great part of the issues are followed to how the instructive

Interaction and Communication between parents and babies thr essays

Connection and Communication among guardians and infants thr papers Contact has for some time been looked into however we yet need to find out about it since its belongings are of such extent. Contact is the most basic correspondence channel for babies since they sense, comprehend and experience it more than some other incitement. Infants should be contacted in light of the fact that it influences their brain and bodies improvement, wellbeing and reinforces their bond with guardians bringing about more joyful family life and encouraged advancement further down the road. The advantages of this collaboration are present moment and long haul if contact is appropriately managed at this early age. Physiological changes, activity status, valenced feelings, discrete feelings, and generally fundamental of all, affection walong with wellbeing and security, are imparted to babies when they are contacted. All guardians should set aside some effort to find out about touch and utilize this information to improve their childrens personal satisfaction. Newborn child knead, the act of rubbing specific zones of a babys body with tenderness and love is settled and educated by numerous establishments dedicated to showing guardians essential aptitudes for youngster raising. The way to fruitful baby knead is to recollect that is it intended to be a joy for both parent and youngster. The setting ought to be agreeable for the two gatherings. A warm room, cushions, covers, hand cream to keep the guardians hands delicate and loads of affection are significant while getting ready (Make Way For Baby!â„ ¢ 1999-2001). Its prescribed to play out the back rub at any rate thirty minutes after the infant has eaten at when he/she is quiet just as the parent (Make Way For Baby!â„ ¢ 1999-2001). The back rub itself streams from head to toes with minor weight. The weight utilized ought to be about equivalent to the weight one can put on shut eyelids without bothering the eyes (Make Way For Baby!â„ ¢ 1999-2001). Guardians are urged to look direct ly into the babys eyes however much as could reasonably be expected and permit themselves to talk unreservedly to t... <!

Using Love Essay Samples for Your Final Project

Using Love Essay Samples for Your Final ProjectIf you are looking for the perfect love essay sample for your final assignment, then the Internet is a great place to go. There are thousands of these online sites that offer them as sample essays to help students in their final project. However, what you need to keep in mind when selecting a good essay is that it should be useful to your final assignment and should also come out successful in the eyes of the teacher.What you need to keep in mind is that there are not too many sample essays that are well written and interesting. This means that you will have to make the selection carefully. This means that you need to choose the sample based on its subject matter and how interesting it is. Of course, this all depends on your final assignment.There are many topics that you can write a good essay about, but some of the more popular ones include the following: death, marriage, divorce, and raising children. It is not hard to find examples o f these types of topics, because they are all newsworthy events in our society. Whether you are choosing an essay from love, politics, or religion, you will be able to find a good topic that you can relate to. The next thing that you need to consider when you are selecting the right essay for your final assignment is the format that the essay has.One of the things that you should do is look at the subject matter of the essay. You should look at the topic, whether or not it is related to the rest of the topic, the main theme of the essay, and what kind of information you are going to get out of the essay. This will give you a better idea as to what type of essay you will be writing.Love essay samples are available online and are extremely helpful to teachers. This is because the topics are well written and you can see how a teacher would choose to write a similar essay. Therefore, if you are in high school or college, this is a great resource to use.However, you should not just look at the different essay samples that are offered online because there are so many different topics that are offered. Instead, look for samples that offer topics that you feel are relevant to your final assignment. This will give you a better idea of what you are working with and you will be able to choose the topic that you feel is best for your final project.The other thing that you should keep in mind when you are looking for the best love essay samples is the format that they use. It is essential that you select the format that is most appropriate for your final project. For example, if you were teaching a class on religion, you would want to look for a format that offers something useful in terms of religion. However, if you were writing a history essay, you would want a different format because it would have been found in historical documents.Love essay samples can be a great resource to use. However, you need to be sure that you use the resource correctly. That way, you will be able to come up with an essay that is excellent for your final project.

Powered by Publics LSU Part of National Effort to Increase College Access and Completion - Free Essay Example

During the Fall of 2018, the Association of Public Land-Grant Universities (APLU) announced its Powered by Publics initiative, the largest concerted effort to increase college access in history. The initiative has three goals: (1) award hundreds of thousands more degrees by 2025; (2) eliminate the achievement gap for low-income, minority, and first-generation students, while maintaining or expanding access to higher education for these students; (3) share key data within the clusters and promulgate proven practices across the entire public higher education sector. As of December 2018, 130 institutions have joined the initiative. The coalition of intuitions plans to find evidence-based strategies and new solutions to achieve equity in college access. Powered by Publics is an institutional response to the 21st century college access movement, which traces its roots to the student organizing of the 60s and 70s. Months before the APLUs announcement, the National Association for College Admission Counseling released a study on Test-Optional Policies (TOPs), admissions policies that dont require standardized tests (SAT or ACT). They found that TOPs increased enrollment of students of color and students from low-socioeconomic backgrounds. Their findings are not surprising, studies have shown that the SAT and ACT have large, racial performance gaps (Freedle, 2003) (Santelices Wilson, 2010) (Rattani, 2016) (Johnson, 2003), positioning them as barriers to college for Black and Latino students. Since 2004, over 1,000 accredited colleges and universities across the country have adopted TOPs, a trend that more will follow. With the movement toward college access, the enrollment of Black college students from low-socioeconomic backgrounds is expected to increase in the next 10 years. While administrations pursue new ways to prioritize diversity and accessibility, so must academic departments and programs. English composition, a course required for all students despite their program of study, is arguably the most important and most in need of change. Lynn Bloom has argued that composition is not only about English instruction, it is about initiating students into proper citizenship. It serves as students first introduction to academic discourse and has the potential to shape their relationship with it moving forward. Composition is a gatekeeper to college access in this way and needs to change with the changing student body. There is no shortage of literature about diversifying college composition, however, composition courses continue to be taught in ways that are hostile to the success of Black students. There are two ways that college composition negatively impacts Black students: the normalizing of white, middle class values and the denial of Black Vernacular English (BVE) in the classroom. To address these issues, I propose that English departments incorporate Hip Hop educational research into their curriculum. Hip Hop pedagogies provide the perfect nexus of culturally relevant linguistic and rhetorical study. According to Emery Petchauer, there are three kinds of Hip Hop educational research: (a) hip-hop-based education†¢studies that use hip-hop, especially rap songs and lyrics, as curricular and pedagogical resources; (b) hip-hop, meaning(s), and identities†¢studies that focus on how students mobilize these texts and how they intersect with identities; and (c) hip-hop aesthetic forms†¢studies that conceptualize the ways of doing or habits of mind produced by hip-hop practices. Applied to practice, these Hip Hop pedagogies will scaffold analytical skills, affirm th e academic validity of BVE, and sharpen critical literacies through comparative cultural study. The Composition Classroom as a Site for Assimilation Cultural assimilation is the process that minority students undergo as they adapt the culture, language, and norms of higher education, a culture that is exclusively middle-class and white. The process is not linear, nor is it absolute, but it is required in some aspect for success within the university structure. Non-white and/or lower-class students must learn to speak and write in Sanctioned American English (SAE) (Elbow, 2010) and conduct themselves according to middle-class propriety. Students who do not conform have difficulty navigating the academy, receive poor grades, or in the worst cases, drop-out. Black undergraduates, who have the lowest retention and graduation rate with the highest drop-out rate, face significant damage to their mental health due to the pressures of assimilation (McGee Stovall, 2015). The primary site for assimilation in the college and university structure is the English composition classroom, where students are first taught to divorce their academic identities from their native culture. According to Lynn Bloom, freshman composition is a middle-class enterprise where students are initiated as good citizens of the university, and essentially, the middle-class. After completing the course, students are expected to effectively participate in the dominant discourse of the middle-class. This expectation is shaped by higher educations promise of class mobility and is the unspoken reason the course is required as an entry-point. Students are indoctrinated and disinfected by the value systems upheld by middle-class teachers in middle-class institutions. Values like respectability, propriety, order, and self-reliance pervade the classroom and hurt lower-class students who have different value systems. Adding a critical race lens to Blooms class lens positions Black students as experiencing a compounded clash of value systems in the composition classroom. Due to the history of slavery and racist social policies in the U.S., race is strongly correlated with class status. The mi ddle-class is historically and majority white and the lower-class is Black and Latinx (Gans, 2005). Therefore, freshman composition is not only a middle-class enterprise, but a white enterprise. The dominant narrative is that all students, regardless of race, enter higher education with the goal of upward mobility. If this is true, why would upholding middle-class, white values of communication and expecting students to assimilate be problematic if it allows them the mobility that they seek? It is problematic because the dominant narrative of class mobility is not the only narrative, nor does it account for the complexity of the race-class matrix. Not all students of color enter higher education with the goal of a middle-class life, a point that Carmen Kynard illustrates in her book Vernacular Insurrections. Her composition colleagues belief that Black students wanted the same liberal arts education as everyone else (2) was vastly different than what her inner-city, high school students expected from college. They imagined college as a liberatory tool that could provide them with the knowledge they needed to better their communities and increase access to higher education fo r students like themselves, a sentiment I heard echoed by many Black students when I was an undergraduate. I found that even students outside of the social sciences and humanities, students who were pursuing paths in engineering, computer science, or health wanted to connect their work to the communities they came from by reducing racial disparities. Goals like these require fluid communication skills, not the strict adherence to white, middle-classed language taught in college composition, language inaccessible to the people they want to help.

2.3.Fusion Of Traditional And Innovative Technologies.

2.3. Fusion of traditional and innovative technologies In order for innovation to take place, there is a need to examine how traditional approaches can be synthesized with new technologies, in order to attain the most efficient way possible of performing tasks. The overlapping can be minimal, in that only a small percentage of the new technologies are taken on board, to aid or make employing the traditional process more efficient; or it can be total, in that the whole approach to the process or system is overhauled to make way for the new technologies. The Merriam-Webster Online dictionary (2007) defined innovation as the introduction of something new or a new idea, method or device. [45] Innovation in construction, therefore, happens†¦show more content†¦Investigating areas where technology fusion is most likely to happen in construction can assist in identifying the areas where mechanization and automation in all probability will be most relevant. These technology areas may include phases of construction, such as adopting a gr eater percentage of innovative technologies during the design phase, as compared to the construction phase; or it can be in terms of the construction process itself. Some construction processes such as the installation of building components are easier to automate as opposed to, say, substructure or building foundation works. In this case, the drive to innovate is facilitated by the relatively straightforward technological process that is already in place within this area. [8] 2.4. Importance of using mechanization in construction works The importance of the use of mechanization and automation in construction works appears to be increasing on a daily basis. Manual methods are rapidly giving way to mechanical methods in the effort to increase productivity, meet increasingly complex specifications, construct or actualize the growing complexity of modern designs, utilize the numerous new construction materials that are being introduced into the industry, meet tight schedules and targets placed by clients’ demands,Show MoreRelatedSeminar Report on Fuzzy Logic6250 Words   |  25 PagesABSTARCT Fuzzy logic  has rapidly become one of the most successful of todays technologies for developing sophisticated control systems. The reason for which is very simple.  Fuzzy logic  addresses such  applications  perfectly as it resembles human decision making with an ability to generate precise solutions from certain or approximate information. 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Perception s Configuration Of Reality 45th Presidential...

Perception’s Configuration of Reality: 45th Presidential Debate Jay Van Bavel’s 2016 article addresses an important and relevant issue: voters’ deeply divided perceptions of presidential candidates. According to Bavel, approximately 70 million viewers tuned in to watch the final presidential debate on October 19, 2016. In theory, one would be valid in assuming that while processing such an event, everyone should be experiencing the same reality—all are watching the same debate, hearing the same words said by the same people. Strangely, however, this is not the case: in reality, Republicans and Democrats concluded the debates with drastically separate conclusions on the candidates. According to a CNN poll referenced to within Bavel’s article, Hillary Clinton won the first debate, with 67% compared to Donald Trump’s 27%. However, a further examination of these statistics reveals an obvious divergence between the democratic and republican partie s. According to democrats, Clinton won (89% to 5%); according to republicans, Trump won (54% to 28%). Why is there such a great divide when both parties were presented with the exact same information? People do not see the world objectively—without the influence of personal biases. Instead, people reinforce the goals and values of the partisan group they identify with, allowing the party’s views to color their perceptions of identical information (Bavel). According to a paper mentioned in the article, written by Bavel and his research

Drugs And Its Effects On Society - 1468 Words

Methamphetamine, a drug that for years has been sweeping our nation and claiming countless lives. Why are people turning to this drug knowing what it can and will do to you? This drugs affects so many lives around the world, even those who choose to not do it. I, myself, have been affected by this drug. Throughout all my teen years I watched own my mother fall to this awful addiction. This drug will completely rip lives apart, destroy families, and ultimately murder its user. I was lucky, in a way, my mother recovered, an incredibly rare instance. After enduring all the chaos and trouble that comes with a parent who is an addict, I decided very young that I would never go through that. Instead, I became a police officer, a very good on at that. I have lived a life on the outside looking in and watching the addiction eat way at everything a person can have or be. Now, I do everything I can to help stop this drug from reaching our children, our community, and fight to help those trappe d receive the help they need. The History of Methamphetamine dates back to 1887 in Germany, amphetamine was first made and methamphetamine, more potent and easy to make, was developed in Japan in 1919. The crystalline powder was soluble in water, making it a perfect candidate for injection. During WWII, the drug was used to keep Nazi troops awake for long hours, allowing them to fight in the war and man concentration camps with little to no rest. The use of methamphetamine was not limited toShow MoreRelatedDrugs And Its Effects On Society932 Words   |  4 PagesDrug use in America has affected society as a whole since the 1970’s, when drugs such as cocaine and other narcotics became relatively easy for user to purchase in amount unheard of prior. 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Customer Loyalty And Preventing Attrition - 756 Words

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During this visit, we were hopeful as we approached another associate located in the custom department. This hope was quickly diminished as the associate appears bothered by our request for assistance. And in fact, instead of helping us, the associate writes down our contact information and offers to email us the estimate. To no surprise, we received no email. As valued customers, who hold their credit card, it appeared as if we were having to beg (repeatedly) to spend several thousand dollars. At this point – it had become a quest to answer how much doesShow MoreRelatedMarketing8520 Words   |  35 Pagesfor this course. PART II Connecting with Customers C H A P T E R 4 Creating Customer Value, Satisfaction, and Loyalty In this chapter, we will address the following questions: 1. How can companies deliver customer value, satisfaction, and loyalty? 2. What is the lifetime value of a customer, and why is it important to marketers? 3. How can companies cultivate strong customer relationships? 4. What is the role of database marketing in customer relationship management? 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Online retailing, a type of electronic commerce used for business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions and mail order, are forms of non-shop retailing. Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products. Sometimes this is doneRead MoreBusiness Process Outsourcing in the Philippines4014 Words   |  17 Pagesmanagement style has the same authoritarian dynamic. It is a bit more warm and fuzzy in its approach. It is like being at home with parents that are involved in every aspect of your life. Higher likelihood that employees will be motivated or feel some loyalty based on the concern shown towards them by management (www.universitydissertations.com). Paternalism is the interference of a state or an individual with another person, against their will, and defended or motivated by a claim that the person interfered

The Merchant Of Venice A Story Of Despair And Pain

Logan Steenstra Mrs.Kleinmeyer Gifted Communication Arts II 29 April 2016 The Merchant of Comedy The Merchant of Venice, a story of despair and pain. Wait, nevermind it’s a comedy. There are too many humorous scenes for it not to be a comedy. It may not seem very funny but, in this time period this play would have been very humerous. I still think this play is a comedy because what isn’t funny about women pretending to be men, how Shylock and if you compare this play to Shakespeare’s other works you can easily see that this is a comedy. Men pretending to be women, pretending to be men. How can that not be funny? Also another character was trying to cut a pound of flesh out of someone because they couldn’t pay him back at that very moment. Shakespeare is trying to make people laugh here. Antonio and Bassanio couldn’t tell that their wives were the actually the people standing right in front of them. And to make matters worse, they lied to their husbands about getting the ring back by sleeping with the lawyer that they were pretending to be. How can this not be funny? This is all added to make the play more humorous and enjoyable for readers. Portia also Help keep Shylock from taking a pound of Antonio s flesh, and because of this choice Shylock lost everything he owned. Many people may feel bad for Shylock because he lost everything he owned for following a deal he made. But people don’t realize that Shylock is the antagonist. He is the bad guy. He isolated himselfShow MoreRelatedPride and Prejudice the Merchant of Venice2099 Words   |  9 Pagesand ‘The Merchant of Venice’. Shakespeare and Jane Austen both present strong feeling of love, revenge, hatred and friendship. They are two different types of stories, ‘Pride and Prejudice’ is a novel and ‘The Merchant of Venice’ is a play so therefore they both have different ways of presenting strong feelings but they do have some similarities. In ‘Pride and Prejudice’ strong feelings are presented by: 1. The Narrator 2. Letters 3. Dialogue Whereas in ‘The Merchant of Venice’ strong feelingsRead MoreOptimism and Pessimism in Voltaire’s Candide Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pagesthe time: Pangloss the proponent of Optimism and Martin the proponent of Pessimism. Each of the two travelers is never together with Candide, until the end, but both entice him to picture the world in one of their two philosophies. Throughout the story there is an apparent ebb and flow from Candide on how to think of the world. By the end of his journey, Candide will be presented with evidence to lead to his agreement of either Optimism or Pessimism. But I submit, Candide does not become a firm believer

Recent Hacking Story Case Study of JPMorgan & Chase

Question: Discuss about theRecent Hacking Storyfor Case Study of JPMorgan Chase. Answer: Introduction The grave problem that comes with the advancement and up-gradation of technology is that of its negative impact. The 21st century is completely depended on the internet for its functioning. Along with the beneficial effect of internet comes the negative impact of misusing it. Cyber-hacking is the most vulnerable problem of this century (Wagstaff, 2016). With the increase in the dependency on internet, the rate of crime associated with it is also increasing. The computer is the main component in conducting business and commerce as well as the source of todays entertainment. This creates an increase in the opportunity of committing the crime (Macau Business Daily, 2016). This essay mainly tries to captures the context of hacking as the main cyber crime. The monograph will be subjected mainly on the hacking of the profiles of the customers of JP Morgan, the largest bank in US. Before going into the case study directly, a short general overview of cyber crime will be discussed followed b y few statistical figures related to recent hacking. According to ISTS (Institute for security technology and studies), hacking a network or computer can again be of three types: Self declared hackers who breach with the motive of constructing new codes and for their own entertainment purpose. Media- labeled hackers with the aim of hacking through a network and causing harm to the society by injecting malwares, viruses or by retrieving personal information from the network hacked. The third type is Ethical hackers who have the motto to find the gap in the security of any Company. Ethical hacking is usually carried out by the company themselves by hiring professional hackers. It is usually done to keep a track of the functioning of the companys online system. The unethical hacking or the media-labeled hacking is the main threat to the whole cyber world. They are also known as Crackers. Initially the term hacker was given to the over-enthusiast people with a thirst for knowledge and engaged in surfing in others domain without causing harm. The basic problem that lies in this respect is that criminal economy is growing at faster pace than the normal economy. JP Morgan, the USs largest asset holding bank faced the problem of media-labeled hacking in the year 2014. The statistical data on hacking from the year 2016 states that every day more than 30 thousand websites are infected with malware daily. Information of 70 million credit card users has been leaked. J.P Morgan faced a massive leakage in their data base with more than 76 million customers data being leaked. A report published in Inside Counsel shows that it is not only big business whose security is hacked. Small businesses are mostly vulnerable to the cyber security threat. The term hacking means trespassing into a computer or network to either loosen the security of the network. It is done to import data from the network illegally or even at times to alter or change the security of the given system. The persons who are engaged in these activities are termed as hackers (Techopedia, 2016). The hacking business came into existence with its own codes of ethics. These ethics had been upgraded depending on the need of the society (Coleman, 2013). The basic ethics and codes that the hackers were supposed to follow were: They were supposed to work for the well being of the society in general and human being in particular. They must honor the confidentiality related to the computers that they are hacking (Holzer Lerums, 2016). They must make themselves honest and trustworthy to other people. They should also keep in mind not to disclose the confidentiality of the data and harm people with their action (Wald, 2016). The hackers should also maintain the ethics of respect and honor. They must honor the intellectual property rights specially the patents and copyrights. These rules are just like the commandments of the computer ethics and if hampered it will cause a loss to the people. The open access to networks is important for spreading knowledge without discriminating the gender, race or religion of the users. The hackers can use their talent to mend the security flaws related to the system. It is seen that most of the hackers forgets this issues and hacks for the sake of profit and power. They forget s their ethics and morals and is only seeks to make the most possible profits by economic espionage and laundering of money. The cost incurred per year due to cybercrime is more than $ 1 trillion throughout the world. Figures suggest that on an average the cost of data breach is $3.5 million (Klein et al., 2016). Report published on 7th November in Inside Council states that five cyber criminal have been identified for hacking few top companies, which cost around $300 million. The criminals hail from Ukraine and Russia and they have hacked Visa Inc, Jet Blue Airways Corp., Nasdaq, Carrefour SA, etc (Klein et al., 2016). News published on Bloomberg on 10th November 2015 brings into highlight the fact that within the duration of 2012 to 2015 the hackers was able to hack at-least 9 giant financial institutions with more than a 100 billion customers details (Walters, 2014). The hackers were able to gain access to the high-end secured data with the help of treacherous business officials who sold out their moral values at the cost of lump sum bribe (Bloomberg, 2016). If the history of hacking can be analyzed it will be seen that more than one third of the data manipulation and theft have occurred in the business sector. Hacking in health sector follows next with the massive hacking of the database of Anthem, one of the top-level health insurance companies of US. Data of nearly 60-70 million customers both former and existing have been penetrated in this event (Mathews, 2016). This essay will try to provide an insight into one of the greatest hacking of US history. The data penetration of JP Morgan Chase took place in 2014 (Sidel, 2016). The massive breach of data from USs largest bank created an alarm in the society regarding the security of the cyber world. JP Morgan confirmed that more than 76 million of their clients data have been hacked. They also ensured that their customers data relating to their finance have not been hampered. It is only their customers personal details that have been hacked in that cyber crime (Rushe, 2016). The bank got notion of this attack on July 2014, a month after the actual incident occurred. A report by The Guardian as published on 3rd October brings out the fact that the problem of data hacking was more serious than they have estimated. The case of USs biggest data breach was given to the United States Secret Service to investigate and find out the culprit or group of culprits involved. The hacking took place by spreading a malicious program me in the bank is networking system. To avoid being caught, the hackers breached the data by steps over a period of time (Robertson, 2014). They along with the help of Federal Bureau of Investigation took up the duty of getting an insight into the matter. Bloomberg in their daily published on August highlights the fact that hackers hailing from Russia were engaged in the high- profile breach of the banks data (Richards, 2014). There has been a lackadaisical approach on Russias part on the enforcement of cyber crime and intellectual property right. This affects Russia internally as well as other nations (McDougal, 2015). Brian Krebs, the famous author and blogger of Krebs on Security is of the view that the hackers who took so much risk and pain in this massive case surely have the motive of making profit causing a cost to the victims. It is a continuous process of up-gradation of new technology that is required to save the data from the hands of these immoral hackers. On other hand, report published on WSJ suggests that the hacking have been conducted by using the personal computer of one of the employee (Sidel, 2016). There has been a huge impact on the reputation of the bank as well as on the global economy post breach of data. Federal authorities were been able to point out four of the culprits engaged in this crime namely, Gery Shalon, Ziv Orenstein, Anthony R. Murgio and Joshua Samuel Aaron. Shalon and Joshua hails from Israel with the later engaged in a big unlawful gambling business in US. They are now detained in Moscow (Muncaster, 2016). Murgio and Shalon once inv ested $100,000 to appoint a conspirator in the said banks directorial board (Krebs on Security, 2016). The cyber threat opened the eyes of the banks security officials. It made them realize that the security system that they use could be easily surpassed by the intelligence possessed by the hackers. There is continuous cyber warfare amongst the hackers and they are into constant up-gradation of their system. Hence, companies and financial institutions need to constantly upgrade their security system to keep up with their enemies (Lee et. al., 2015). After the unexpected breach, CEO of the USs largest bank JP Morgan, Jamie Dimon, announced that their bank will double their spending on security issues. US $250 million had been spent in the year 2014 and they have planned to increase it to US $ 500 million within a span of 5 years (Doug Drinkwater, 2016). Scott MacKenzie, CISO of Logical Step commented that Morgans step or decision of doubling the amount invested for security in-spite of null evidence of customers password and account hacking is a positive step and it will help them to g et back their over their damaged reputation (Hemphill Longstreet, 2016). The bank with the largest valuation of assets in US being hacked tried to find out the notorious criminals behind this action (Fisch, 2015). They with the help of Federal authorities and investigation bureau found out the criminals and carried on with the proceedings there after as given in their laws. At the same time the bank also focused on increasing the amount they spend on their security issues. It is taken into consideration that increasing the allotted sum for security purpose will help them to tighten and save their online data (Amigorena, 2014). The questions that keeps on lingering regarding this matter is whether at all just by increasing the fund allotted will be enough to stop the crackers from getting a hold of the companys data. Just as the bank and other financial institutions are willing to allot greater amount of funds for tighter security, similarly on other side their antagonist also upgrades themselves with better hacking techniques. The basic flaws that this ba nk had in their security system is that they were so confident regarding their security issues that the basic system of dual verification was missed out. Usually big banks use the system of double verification where the users need to use a One-Time Password (OTP) every time whenever they try to get access into any details. The password is generated by the main system and the accounts and data can only be accessed with that password. In addition, the password cannot be used for a second time, as the name itself indicates that it gives access only once. It gets lapsed after a certain pre-determined time, say for example within 2 minutes of generation of password ("Protections Against Digital Bank Robbers", 2016).The cyber crime was not of a zero-day crime which implies that the leaked data have been manipulated and sold at the parallel economy. It has been found out that access to one of the employees personal computer was the method adopted to hack the system. A bank with the largest asset value is not expected to have such a simple security system that can be breached by getting access only to a general employees PC. Whenever a company or financial institution faces a threat or a security issues it is geared up to tighten the same. The security issues should be tightening up on daily basis for such a large institution. The measures that can be taken by them from beforehand in order to avoid such circumstances are discussed as follow (Parrish, 2016): Policy of Data Breach notification: This policy will help their customers to take necessary actions if any breach of data occurs. Training: The employees who are in charge of the companys security system should be trained so that they can understand and detect the operations carried on by the hackers. Establishing proper company policies: The employees should be given proper training on the tools that they are supposed to use. They should also be aware of the types of devices and networks they can use to do their work (Shields, 2015). The company should start doing Pen-testing of their own system. Pen-testing is the process where someone attempts to get hold of the critical assets of the company and its network without getting detected by the same. The company can also conduct vulnerability scanning of their data in small successions to avoid any further harmful consequences. There is a great difference in vulnerable scanning and pen-testing. Vulnerable-scanning points out the weakness of the companys security system. Pen-testing on other hand highlights the quantity of data that can be breached with the process of ethical hacking (Northcutt et. al., 2016). The easiest way on customers side to avoid their data from getting leaked is by creating a difficult password. Creating a difficult password with lowercase, numbers, uppercase and punctuations will make it difficult for hackers to penetrate into the customers account. It is also referable to have quite a few word merged together to form the password ("Eight steps to beat the online bank fraudsters", 2016). The statistical data regarding the notion of cyber crime shows that there is a constant rise in this statistic. Cyber world being a vast and digressed world do not follow any particular law. In addition, the cyber world does not fall under any territorial boundary. Hence, the rate of crime is also more than any other types of crime. The global economy cannot work without the internet and computer systems. The hackers take this issue as their forte and keeps on hacking the network. It has been often seen that they commit this crime with the motive of earning a massive amount of black money. They run a parallel economy which works along with the main E-economy. Just as there is advancement in the mainstream cyber world, similarly they also up-dates themselves and often stays ahead of the main cyber world. The companies and financial institutions should always be highly alerted and upgraded with their system keeping in consideration of other cases which may have happened with other comp anies. JP Morgan was lucky enough that though they faced a massive breach of their data source but the hackers could not get hold of their customers passwords and security accounts. They doubled their spending on the security system and realized that only a single time authentication was not enough to stop the hackers. Hence, their loss gave the other financial institutions and companies a warning that without constant up-gradation any of them can be vulnerable to this parallel community of hackers. References: About Us | JPMorgan Chase Co.. (2016). JPMorgan Chase Co.. Retrieved 11 November 2016, from https://www.jpmorganchase.com/corporate/About-JPMC/about-us.htm Amigorena, F. (2014). The threat from within: how to start taking internal security more seriously.Computer Fraud Security,2014(7), 5-7. Arrests in JP Morgan, eTrade, Scottrade Hacks Krebs on Security. (2016).Krebsonsecurity.com. Retrieved 9 November 2016, from https://krebsonsecurity.com/2015/11/arrests-in-jp-morgan-etrade-scottrade-hacks/ Coleman, E. G. (2013).Coding freedom: The ethics and aesthetics of hacking. Princeton University Press. Doug Drinkwater, S. (2016).JPMorgan to double cyber security spending to 310 million after hack.SC Magazine UK. Retrieved 9 November 2016, from https://www.scmagazineuk.com/jpmorgan-to-double-cyber-security-spending-to-310-million-after-hack/article/376894/ Fisch, J. E. (2015). The Mess at Morgan: Risk, Incentives and Shareholder Empowerment.University of Cincinnati Law Review,83, 651. Hemphill, T. A., Longstreet, P. (2016). Financial data breaches in the US retail economy: Restoring confidence in information technology security standards.Technology in Society,44, 30-38. Holzer, C. T., Lerums, J. E. (2016, May). The ethics of hacking back. InTechnologies for Homeland Security (HST), 2016 IEEE Symposium on(pp. 1-6). IEEE. JPMorgan's 2014 Hack Tied to Largest Cyber Breach Ever. (2016).Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 9 November 2016, from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-10/hackers-accused-by-u-s-of-targeting-top-banks-mutual-funds Lee, J., Maker, J. M. S. L. D., At, D. (2015). JP MORGAN.Wall Street Journal. Lee, J., Maker, J. M. S. L. D., At, D. (2015). JP MORGAN.Wall Street Journal. Mathews, A. (2016).Anthem: Hacked Database Included 78.8 Million People.WSJ. Retrieved 9 November 2016, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/anthem-hacked-database-included-78-8-million-people-1424807364 Muncaster, P. (2016).Alleged JPMorgan Hacker Detained in Moscow.Infosecurity Magazine. Retrieved 9 November 2016, from https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/alleged-jpmorgan-hacker-detained/ Parrish, M. (2016).6 Steps for Data Breach Recovery and Prevention.Intralinks Blog. Retrieved 9 November 2016, from https://blogs.intralinks.com/2013/10/6-steps-for-data-breach-recovery-and-prevention/ Richards, J. (2014). A New Cold War? Russia, China, the US and Cyber War. InCyber-War: The Anatomy of the global Security Threat(pp. 43-56). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Rushe, D. (2016).JP Morgan Chase reveals massive data breach affecting 76m households.the Guardian. Retrieved 9 November 2016, from https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/oct/02/jp-morgan-76m-households-affected-data-breach Shields, K. (2015). Cybersecurity: Recognizing the Risk and Protecting against Attacks.NC Banking Inst.,19, 345. Sidel, E. (2016).J.P. Morgan Working Closely With Law Enforcement on Cyberattack.WSJ. Retrieved 9 November 2016, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/j-p-morgan-not-seeing-unusual-fraud-regarding-reports-of-hacking-1409227168 Wagstaff, K. (2016). Hack to the Future: Experts Make 2016 Cybersecurity Predictions. NBC News. Retrieved 11 November 2016, from https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/hack-future-experts-make-2016-cybersecurity-predictions-n486766 Wald, E. (2016). Legal Ethics Next Frontier: Lawyers and Cybersecurity.Chapman Law Review, Forthcoming, 16-04. Walters, R. (2014). Cyber attacks on us companies in 2014.Heritage Foundation Issue Brief, (4289). What is Hacking? - Definition from Techopedia. (2016).Techopedia.com. Retrieved 9 November 2016, from https://www.techopedia.com/definition/26361/hacking

Color and Wise Head free essay sample

When I born, I black. When I grow up, I black. When I go in sun, I black. When I scared, I black. When I sick, I black. And when I die, I still black. And you white people. When you born, you pink. When you grow up, you white. When you go in sun, you red. When you cold, you blue. When you scared, you yellow. When you sick, you green And when you die, you grey And you calling me colored Written by an African child and nominated by UN as the Best Poem of 2006. Sayings Beware of a silent man and still water A large expanse of water that is still and does tot move is often deep and dangerous.We should be careful of it. In the same way, we should be careful with a person who does not talk much. A still tongue makes a wise head Someone who does not talk much, but listens to other people, probably has experience, knowledge and good Judgment. We will write a custom essay sample on Color and Wise Head or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Barking dogs seldom bite Dont be afraid of dogs that bark or people that threaten you (say they will do something bad to you) in both cases they rarely take action. Say well or be still If you cannot speak good of someone or something, then it is better not to speak. All truths are not to be old Some truths are better left unspoken.It Is not always necessary to repeat something even though It be true. Truth needs no colors Facts are facts. What Is true is true, and it does not need decoration. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise It Is good for us to sleep early In the evening and wake early In the morning. If you pay peanuts, you get monkeys An employer who pays low wages will have bad staff. Money doesnt grow on trees Its not easy to get money. We have to work hard to make money. We cant Just walk around and pick It like fruit from the trees.

Six Tips for Writing a Good Research Interest Essay

Six Tips for Writing a Good Research Interest EssayOne of the easiest ways to get into the admissions process at a good university is to write a sample research interest essay. This is something that all students do in high school, but as they move on to college this work becomes more complicated. Some students may be able to do the topic well, while others may need some guidance and additional help to make it through the tougher competition. You will need to have a good grasp of the material if you want to make it into the research stage of your college career.Writing a sample research interest essay is not an easy task. You will find yourself in the middle of the action. You may be interviewing someone who knows a lot about the topic and asking them for advice, or you may be studying the material yourself and deducing important information from the material that others do not share. You need to come up with the best information that you can because you are going to be used as the r epresentative of the entire student body in the essay. Here are some tips that you can use to ensure that you are writing a good sample research interest essay.One of the first things that you need to do when you are writing a research interest essay is to put yourself in the shoes of the reader. You need to sit down and think about what you are going to talk about in the essay. If you are writing a research essay, then the focus of the essay is the subject of your research. This means that you are in the position of teaching the reader what the research topic is all about. Once you have thought about what the subject is all about, you should be able to sit down and write a research interest essay that is not only interesting to the reader, but also informative and interesting to the professor as well.The third thing that you need to think about when you are writing a research interest essay is how the professor will judge your essay. The professor may look at your essay based on th e topics and wording that you use, but he or she will also look at how your essay is structured. The structure of your essay should be defined before you write it, so that you will know exactly what you are going to write.The fourth thing that you need to think about when you are writing a research interest essay is the format of the paper. You need to decide exactly what type of format that you are going to use. There are many different formats to choose from, and you need to find out which format works best for your own needs. If you cannot figure out which format to use without looking at a sample or research essay that other students have written, then you should do some research on the topic to determine which format will work best for you.The fifth thing that you need to consider when you are writing a research interest essay is the spelling and grammar of your paper. Your essays are going to be judged on the mistakes that you make in your paper, so you need to make sure that the mistakes are not going to come back to haunt you at the end of the semester. You can check out sample essays from past students and see if the mistakes are there. Then you can make the necessary changes to the style guide that you are using to help avoid those mistakes.The sixth thing that you need to consider when you are writing a research interest essay is how you write your paper. The information that you are going to include in your paper should be easily accessible to the reader. You should have your information organized in a way that makes it easy for the reader to understand and access.These are some of the basic points that you should consider when you are writing a research interest essay. As you can see, this is not as hard as it might seem. You should be able to write a good essay using these tips.

Assessing the Challenges in Treating Substance Abuse among members of Hispanic Families

Eye Witness Testimony †Psychology Essay

Eye Witness Testimony – Psychology Essay Free Online Research Papers A witness is someone who has firsthand knowledge about a crime through their senses and can certify to its happening and someone who has seen an event at firsthand is known as an eyewitness. Witnesses are often called before a court of law to testify in trials and their testimony is considered crucial in the identification and arrest of a suspect and the likelihood of a jury convicting a defendant. Eyewitness testimony needs to be reliable as it can have serious implications to the perceived guilt/innocence of a defendant. Bartlett’s study involved the Indian folk story ‘War of the Ghosts’. He wanted to investigate the effect of schema on participant’s recall of a story. Participants were asked to read the story and then asked to recall it after a period of time. He found that the story became shorter and participants often added their own interpretation and the whole theme of the ghosts was often forgotten. Bartlett decided that memory is not accurate and is actively constructed using schemas. A study by Loftus and Palmer in 1974 looked at the effects of language on recall in eyewitness testimony. They wanted to show that leading questions could have an effect on the memory. Participants were shown a video of a car accident and then, as if they were eyewitnesses they were asked to describe what had happened. Specific questions were asked including â€Å"about how fast the cars were going when they hit / smashed / collided / bumped / contacted. A week later the participants were asked â€Å"did you see the broken glass†. The findings showed that the estimated speed was affected by the verb used in the question. The group with the verb smashed estimated the speed to be 40.5 mph yet the group with the verb contacted only estimated the speed to be 31.8 mph. The stronger the verb the higher the estimated speed, when the participants were asked if they saw the broken glass it was found that out of the group with the verb ‘smashed’ over 32% said they had seen the glass where only 14% in the group with the verb ‘hit’ said they had seen it. There was in fact no broken glass. Our schemas tell us it is reasonable to assume that there would be broken glass at the site of a car accident when the word smashed is used. The strengths of the study were that it was a controlled experiment and Loftus could control all the extraneous variables, the study could be easily replicated and it had real life implications for eye witness testimony. There was however some weaknesses in that the study lacked ecological validity, it was ethically questionable and the participants were all students and therefore may not be a representative sample. Loftus and Zanni (1975) did another study to show that it wasn’t only a verb that would have implications for the memory but that changing the word ‘a’ or ‘the’ could also have a dramatic effect. Participants were shown a video of a car accident, and then one group was asked â€Å"Did you see a broken headlight?† and the other group was asked â€Å"Did you see the broken headlight?† There wasn’t actually a broken headlight but the group asked the ‘the’ question assumed the headlight was broken and 15% said they had seen it whereas only 7% of the ‘a’ group answered yes. The use of the word ‘the’ makes the assumption that the car headlight was actually broken. In conclusion this essay has shown that eyewitness testimony and those witnesses can be lead into giving what they believed to be true recollections of a crime or incident with the use of different verbs or changing the definite article. Research Papers on Eye Witness Testimony - Psychology EssayThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMind TravelResearch Process Part OneStandardized TestingThree Concepts of PsychodynamicUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresHip-Hop is ArtIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Masque of the Red Death Room meanings

Research essay Competing Value Framework Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Essay Competing Value Framework - Research Paper Example It also helps in improvement of the profit margin and revenue of the organization as compared to other rivals in the market. Other than this, the framework of CVF is also often thought to be as a leadership tool utilized to improve the sales and revenue of the organization. Moreover the CVF might also be used for varied aspects and levels in organizations for their betterment and improvement. Apart from this, the CVF also serves as a map, an organizing mechanism, a sense-making device, a source of new ideas and a learning system to make the organization more and more effective in long run. This research paper mainly describes the meaning and developments of competing value framework (CVF) and the organizational focus with the help of two axis’s long with its benefits for the organization Definition of competing value framework Competing Values is all about accepting and analyzing the ways to appreciate the conflicting values in order to integrate them successfully for the bett erment of the organization. This might help the organization to improve its total sale as well as brand image in the market among others in the market. Along with this, it might also help an organization to analyze the strength and weakness so as to make use of it for its improvement and reduce its discrepancies. The Competing Values Framework (CVF) was developed for the benefit of the organization by analyzing the organizational culture, organizational effectiveness, organizational design, information processing, organizational quality, leadership competencies, stages of life cycle development, leadership roles, financial strategy and brain functioning. Therefore after examining all these above mentioned factors, the effectives of the organization may be improved as compared to others (Smart & Hamm, 1993). Other than this, if the organizational profit margin is increased then the level of reliability and trust of the customers over the brand might also increase resulting in amplifi cation of its total customers range. Due to all these advantages, it is considered to be one of the best models to improve the organizational portfolio in the market among others. Consequently it also helps to identify the set of guidelines that might facilitate the managers or leaders to diagnose, congruencies, manage the interrelationships and contradictions among the different aspects of associations to improve the organizations’ performance and market value in the market. So, it is highly appreciated (Quinn & Cameron, 1999). Development of competing value framework The Competing Values Framework came into existence from a series of theoretical framework and empirical studies and research conducted on the idea of organizational efficiency (Quinn & Rohrbaugh, 1983). All these efforts are performed with an attempt to improve the essence of organizational effectiveness in the market (Quinn and Rohrbaugh, 1983). Apart from this, the faculties of University of Michigan also und ertook varied types of organizational aspects into consideration so as to improve the fame in the market among other rivals. It consists of two dimensions among which the first one is related to organizational focus on the internal emphasis of the employees of the organization along with the external factors as well. The second dimension represents the contrast

Biology question to be answered Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Biology question to be answered - Coursework Example a situation in which organisms from different species compete for the same shared limited resources like food, water and space in which the less fit organism loses. This is a -/+ relationships. Predation, on the other hand, is whereby the predator kills then feeds on the prey while herbivory involves the herbivores feeding on the primary producer.(+/- relationship). Parasitism is a relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of the other but they do not kill the host. Only 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level. Most is used in metabolism, and the rest lost through excretion, hence making the successive level be smaller (Townsend et al., 2000). Ecosystems obtain all its energy from the sun that is transformed into chemical energy through photosynthesis in primary producers (plants) and moves up the trophic levels. It is converted to other forms like heat. Matter cycles through the ecosystem in various stages. For example, plants use carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere together with sunlight to make food. Primary consumers consume this food like human beings. Once these consumers die, carbon is stored in fossil fuel that may be mined in future and burned releasing

Ice Cream Essay Example for Free

Ice Cream Essay According to market research conducted in 1996, 80% of Filipino consumers bought on impulse (they bought only upon passing an ice cream shop or scooping station, but without an intention to buy first); 98% ate ice cream was an afternoon snack. Furthermore, studies showed that per capita consumption of ice cream was less than a forth of a gallon per person per year. In 1992, it stood at 0. 23 gallons per person and declined to 0. 20 in 1993. On average, domestic ice cream market was 13. 8 million gallons from 1991-1993, worth estimated p 2. 5-3 billion per annum. Bulk ice cream comprised 86% of the industry sales while the rest was accounted for by frozen novelties. Main competitors in this include San Miguel Corporation’s (SMC) Magnolia and RFM’s Selecta. Magnolia Other trailing competitors are Universal Robina Corporation’s (URC) Presto, Arce Dairy Ice Cream, and Pure food’s Coney Island, as well as foreign brands like Baskin-Robbins ,Dreyer’s and Haagen-Dazs. Magnolia – The pioneer ice cream brand in terms of flavour, quality control, variety, technology and distribution produced by the merger of SMC and Nestle. It introduced the Flavor of the Month series that provided a huge variety of ice cream flavours to the consumer, with projected volumes of FoM ice cream sold reaching over 28 million gallons. It pioneered the introduction of tropical fruit flavours. It was the first to achieve International Standards Organization quality standards, and is the only Filipino ice cream brand that has expanded overseas. Magnolia is poised as the main competitor, as it aims to be at the forefront of the dairy industry. With increasing competition, MNC intends to make its products available in neighborhood stores and major outlets; introduce a feedback mechanism that will help the corporation monitor the market; and employ new approaches to selling. Currently, magnolia is the preferred choice of many five star hotels, fine dining restaurants, sports and country clubs and food chains. Presto – this brand claims value for money, as part of the corporate philosophy of the Gokongweis, owners of JG summit corp. hich URC is part of, which is to make available value-for-money items for all its consumer-branded products, and as such has positioned its prices lower than Magnolia Selecta. Presto excels in the frozen novelties market, as was demonstrated in their introduction of Tivoli bars, the first ice cream bar in the Philippines, a phenomenal success that had competitors challenge it with their own versions of ice cream bars. Presto currently holding the number three position, is determined to fu rther widen its market share and catch up with the giants. Thus, the company is eyeing the possibility of plant capacity expansion and wider distribution network. It is also determined to enhance its advertising campaigns and be very active in the communication field. Arce Dairy – This ice cream brand was started in January 1995 and immediately got hold of a 5% market share. Its trademark was the use of carabao milk as base, comfortably within the 5-16% fat content requirement to be called ice cream because carabao milk contains considerably more fat than cow milk (9. 65% as opposed to 4. 16%). Only the expensive ice cream (super deluxe and super special) of Arce contain carabao milk, and are priced at higher than the rates of the competition, showing that Arce’s main strength is its appeal to the AB market where its products cost P3-5 more than its competitors’ products, and as its regular ice cream products are priced lower than its competitors by P3-5 which indicates its attempt to appeal to the CD market’s tendency to want every peso to count. Coney Island – 1976 saw the entry of Coney Island in the local ice cream market. It introduced a new standard of creaminess thanks to its products’ high milk fat content, setting a standard for flavour richness back then. Purefoods acquired it in 1991 and increased its production capacity without having neglected the improvement of its quality. In line with Pure Food’s rule of following the highest international standards, Coney Island tried to implement the zero-vegetable fat and at least 10 percent milk fat standard of US ice cream. It used high quality ingredients like Callebaut chocolate from Belgium for its top-of-the-line products such as the Premium Bar, Pure and Simple and Bugs Bunny Bar. It repositioned itself in the market in 1995 to improve local competitiveness. It marketed its products as â€Å"Not Just Ordinary Ice Cream†, supported by new flavours and packaging. Coney Island revised its product classification, and began categorizing its bulk ice cream as simply creamy, fruit and nuts, and cakes and pastries instead of the traditional premium and super premium. This move was inspired by a study that showed that consumers buy ice cream on the basis of flavour concepts. Foreign Brands – Foreign include Haagen-Dazs, Dreyer’s Grand Ice Cream and Baskin-Robbins. Dreyers was the first to penetrate the local market.

Growing Up in the Age of Technology :: Nick Gillespie Violence Essays

Growing Up in the Age of Technology In a society where it is increasingly common for the perpetrators of violent crimes to cite their favorite movie or song lyrics as the inspiration behind their actions, one has to wonder - are pop culture audiences so mindlessly impressionable that they become victim to any or all media suggestion? Does pop culture have as large an affect on morality as the critics claim, and are current attempts to police pop culture necessary? Not really, says Nick Gillespie, editor of Reason magazine and author of the article "View Masters": "What is on the screen or on the stereo is not irrelevant, of course. But it matters far less than one might suppose." In Gillespie's opinion, viewers are not merely passive receptors of pop culture; instead they use the context of their own lives to create meaning and value in what they watch. Consumers of the pop culture phenomenon have always viewed media technology like the television, the telephone, and the computer as an interactive experience. Through dialogue with friends, station surfing, posting to a show's computerized bulletin board, or even turning off the television, viewers demonstrate the ability to become "what's known in literary studies as 'resisting readers.' " In other words, these reactions demonstrate a mental engagement with what is presented, and not merely an uncomprehending reception of what is offered. "Individuals sitting in a theater, or watching television, or listening to a CD don't always see and hear things the way they're 'supposed' to", says Gillespie, and the variety of human viewpoints are what allow for interpretations and "misinterpretations" of the media's par ticular message. According to media analysts, most audiences sit passively while, "Hollywood merely projects morality - good, bad, or indifferent - onto us." These proponents of media censorship support the careful supervision of the entertainment industry, chiefly because they do not perceive viewers as intelligent critics, able to form their own opinions or to make independent decisions. To censors, media is capable of only two functions: instilling greater moral and educational ethic in society, or a provoking a craving for chaos and depravity. The government and many skeptics play a key role in this ideology, not only through a belief that good entertainment should be solely didactic, but also by underestimating the viewer's ability to make independent choices, "or to bring his own interpretation to bear on what he sees.

The Crucible

Have you ever been accused of something you didn’t do and have been put on trial for it? Well, in the play â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, many people were put on trial, and 20 were killed. The Crucible was based on a true story about the belief of witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts. And it all started with a lie from a group of girls. There were 3 big themes in the play: Religion, False accusations, and Witchcraft. The first theme is Religion. In the story, the accusers based their accusations solely on religion.For instance, if you did not know the 10 Commandments then you would be accused of witchcraft. They often asked innocent people to recite the Commandments, just to make sure. When asked to recite the commandments you must recite them without hesitation and mistakes or you would be looked at as a suspect of witchcraft. â€Å"Theology sir, is a fortress, no crack in the fortress may be accounted small† (Hale-947). Here John Proctor missed one of the commandments and now he is looked at more carefully. They also asked those who were already accused of witchcraft to recite them. Do you know your commandments Elizabeth? † (Hale-946) He asked Elizabeth because she was already accused of witchcraft. They thought that what they were doing was ok because they said the bible said so. â€Å"I have no knowledge of it; the bible speaks of witches and I will not deny them† (Proctor-949). Proctor was getting questioned by Rev. Hale and he asked Proctor if he believed in witches, if he had said no, he would be suspicious of witchcraft, just as Elizabeth was. The second theme was false accusations.The story was all about false accusations and lies. In Act I, Parris asked Abigail if she was conjuring spirits and she said â€Å"Not I sir, Tituba and Ruth† (Abigail-918). She falsely accused them when her intentions were to kill Goody Proctor by drinking the blood. Abigail was always finding new things to blame on Elizabeth. à ¢â‚¬Å"Goody Proctor always kept poppet’s† (Abigail-968). Abby said this because she claimed she was stabbed in the stomach with a needle, and accusing Elizabeth of doing this with her poppet’s that she does not have.In court they would often do outlandish things to make the person look as if they were performing witchcraft. â€Å"Oh, Mary, this is black magic art to change your shape. No I cannot, I cannot stop my mouth, it is God’s work I do† (Abigail-975). Abby was making it seem as if Mary Warren was doing magic and sending out her spirit in the court to get her. The final and biggest theme in the story was witchcraft. In their time practicing witchcraft was a death sentence, and taken very seriously. After Mary was accused, she had to do something to take the heat off of her. To Proctor] â€Å"You are the Devils man† (Mary W-976). Mary indicated that that Proctor had a compact with the Devil, he is a witch and he made her sign Luciferâ₠¬â„¢s black book. The officials also watched what you said to let them know you are a witch. â€Å"You heard that sir! Ripped out of the world! Hennrick, you heard it! †(Cheever-952) He was referring to what Elizabeth said, so now she is officially accused of witchcraft. They often tried to get those who confessed to tell on others. â€Å"Did you ever see anyone with the Devil? †(Danforth-991).Danforth was trying to get Proctor to confess on him and others who they thought practiced witchcraft. So in conclusion, the play â€Å"The Crucible† which was based on a true story, where many people was accused of doing things they didn’t do, and they were killed for it. So imagine if someone you love were killed because of something they didn’t do, and you couldn’t do anything to save their lives but plead with the people who were killing them. Well for more than 20 people and their families in Salem, Massachusetts, this was their reality. The Crucible Belonging- Crucible essay It is instinctively assumed that belonging to the group can better protect the individual against external threats; however Arthur Miller’s The Crucible shows that such instinctive assumptions are flawed. The group can destroy itself without the voice of the individual, capable of thinking rationally, because the herd simply acts instinctively and its members conform out of fear of alienation or the very natural human desire to belong. The importance of the individual who stands against society is celebrated as they possess true moral decency and offer salvation to the group.These belonging insights are further explored in Shakespeare’s eponymous play Othello and Arthur Boyd’s power painting Persecuted Lovers 1957-1958. Arthur Miller’s The Crucible explores belonging as a protective force against externalised fears. The setting and imagery emphasise Salem’s many anxieties. The â€Å"virgin forest† is ironically, for the Salemites, â€Å"the Devil’s last preserve† where â€Å"abominations are done† and girls whose sexuality should be invisible are found â€Å"dancing† like â€Å"heathen[s]†.Into this â€Å"wilderness† come â€Å"maraud[ing] Indian tribes†, whose apparent barbarism and pagan beliefs threaten the villagers’ insular Protestant social order. Miller imitates this cultural hostility in the very weather: â€Å"a few small-windowed, dark houses snuggling against the raw Massachusetts winter†. Paradoxically, it is the Salem tragedy that theocracy was developed â€Å"for good purposes† to protect the villagers, but ironically it is the authorised institutions which inflict the most destruction. Salem is a frontier society on the â€Å"edge of wilderness† and it’s civilisation is threatened by a vast and dark â€Å"endless continent†.They believe, in contrast, that their unbending consistency,  "all their sufferings† and their denial of â€Å"vain enjoyment† is â€Å"that they held in their steady hands the candle that would light the world†. They believe that their unity in spite of the sacrifices it requires of them individually rather protects them. The main protagonist of the play is a flawed man even to himself. Proctor has come â€Å"to regard himself as a kind of fraud† as he demonstrates his outward disgust at the hypocrisy around him yet his inward fear that his own sin of lechery makes him one also.However, Proctor stands against the hypocrisy as he rejects the rules for social conformity creating dramatic tension as he challenges the authority of Danforth and Hale in the final two acts. Giles Corey also defies the pressure to conform, symbolically represented by the physical weights laid on him until he expires still defiantly calling for â€Å"more weight†. Abigail, however, understands the power of belonging and the fear of is olation using it as a potent destructive weapon. Directly confronting Danforth as she threatens â€Å"Let you beware†.Her victory over Mary Warren demonstrates her acting talents but also her manipulation of the mass hysteria and paranoia that spreads rapidly among the Salemites. Ironically, the more fear that is induced in the community the less truth is extracted from its members and the greater destruction of its social fabric. Savagery and superstition in the forest invert law and social order supposedly found in the village. The extent of the mass killing, â€Å"seventy-two†¦ to hang† is further compelling evidence of the dangers of mass hysteria.Proctor exclaims â€Å"the crazy little children jangle the keys of the kingdom†, pointing out the madness that has gripped society. This commentary relates to Miller’s observation of the careers ruined and suicides of people accused during the McCarthy persecutions in the United States during the 1950s . The belligerence of Danforth as he addresses young girls, â€Å"confess yourself or you will hang† a travesty of any legal procedure is reminiscent also of the House of Un-American Activities Committee.Paradoxically, it is the morality of an individual who stands against society; who doesn’t belong, that offers salvation. Proctor is â€Å"respected and even feared in Salem†; Danforth hopes that the confession of â€Å"a weighty name† publically displayed on the church will bend more to the autocracy he is enforcing. In the final moments of the play and on stage Proctor, finding the courage to be true reflected in a dramatic act on stage, tears his confession and the falsehood it represents. Danforth has no choice but to retreat crying out in desperation, â€Å"Hang them high over the town! The tragic hero of Shakespeare’s eponymous play Othello resists the insecurities that the outsider normally suffers. Othello has overcome the significant barr ier that his colour poses to walk as an equal among white Venetian society through his strong moral stature, shown as he is referred to as the â€Å"noble Moor† and â€Å"valiant Othello†. â€Å"Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them†, he conceitedly cautions the party that challenges him.Othello is described as a man â€Å"whom passion could not shake† in the military phere but in the domestic sphere and in civil society Othello is less practiced. His marriage to Desdemona exposes him to all the unfamiliarity of that terrain. Iago, his nemesis exploits this unfamiliarity, until he can no longer quell the doubts that plague every waking moment. Othello begins to refer to Desdemona as the â€Å"fair devil†- the powerful black/white imagery in this oxymoron captures the good/bad qualities which they are associated. As his jealousy grows Othello begins to see his colour as representative of shame and disgrace, â€Å"her name†¦ s now begrim’d and black as mine own face†. In his final speech, Othello attempts to redeem himself and restore his previous moral stature by taking the savage â€Å"turbaned Turk† (the outsider) he feels he has become â€Å"by the throat† and killing him, restoring his place in Venetian society. So here the individual is sacrificed to the social mores of the group. Arthur Boyd’s Persecuted Lovers 1957-58 represents the societal racism within Australia over the 20th century. Boyd depicts the strained relationships between Indigenous Australians and white Australians.The two lovers (a black man and white woman) attempt to belong to each other through their love, ignoring the social stature of racism and ignorance which forbids inter-marriages. Similar to Proctor in The Crucible, the white woman acts against society to gain her own moral sense of belonging with her lover. Defying the group results to her death as the rifleman takes aim on the two lovers with silent murderous anticipation. Death is foreshadowed with the flower protruding from the man’s ear symbolic of a funeral posy.The warm colours and the predatory bird further enhance the overall mood of death and destruction. Boyd uses symbolism to explore the human emotions of love and hatred. The man’s blue skin and his lover’s blue hand symbolise their love and sense of belonging with each other. The rifle-man wears the conventional ‘uniform’ of a modern day (European) businessman holding an early 19th century rifle; referencing modern-day racism having its roots in the colonial era. The prosecutors dominating stance reflects the man’s control over the situation which parallels the state’s control over the Indigenous population.Her innocence instantly identifiable by her white bridal gown and further enhanced by her white skin and red hair reflects society’s destruction and flaws as it murders one of its own. It can be c oncluded that it is society’s desperate desire to protect itself inferred by the strict social rules of conformity it enforces on its members and the vast hysteria and paranoia it spreads; is in fact the cause of the destruction. The importance of the individual is celebrated as they uphold the moral decencies of a true character. The Crucible, Othello and Persecuted Lovers are texts which represent these belonging insights. The Crucible The Crucible The playwright, Arthur Miller, uses the character construction in the play to position the audience to accept the dominant reading of the play, which is the concern and dangers of religious fanaticism. The play, The Crucible, is set in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. It is based upon the actual events which led to the ‘Salem witch trials’, a series of hearings to determine which individuals were in fact practicing witchcraft. The play also conveys parallels to the McCarthyist era, during which the playwright was questioned as he had attended Communist meetings, and modern day anti-terror laws, which prevent people of certain backgrounds and cultures to enter countries, as they are immediately sent to prisons, based on appearance and other individuals opinions, that are certainly not based upon facts. The audience is positioned to relate to the concepts in the play, as well as sympathising with characters. Miller does this as it is a way of getting his message to the audience. The dominant reading of the play is religious fanaticism; this is displayed as the town of Salem is ruled by a theocracy. However, the perfect town is hardly that, filled with corruption, betrayal and a never-ending blame game, which evidently causes masses of people to be tried in court resulting in many of them being hung. This concept of doing anything to achieve what you want draws parallels to a number of occurrences. They are, the real Salem witch trials upon which the story is based upon, the McCarthyist era and the modern day anti-terror laws although not directly addressed, the likeness is overwhelming. The anti-terror laws allow, mostly, innocent individuals to be held in prisons around the world simply because they look a certain way or are of a certain race. The comparison drawn is that one does not need evidence, merely a person’s word, true or false. Miller displays certain parallels and concepts to show that religious fanaticism is not always guaranteed a peaceful society, in fact it ensues the opposite. The hero in the play is John Proctor; he is a good man who has unfortunately made one regretful decision, consorting with his previous housemaid, Abigail Williams. Proctors’ wife, Elizabeth, questions his motives and whereabouts, sometimes leaving Proctor feeling undeserving as he has told Williams to leave him alone since the event. He is the hero of the play as he, unlike many other characters, does not feel pressure to succumb to the unreasonable accusations of witchcraft. When Elizabeth Proctor, John Proctor’s wife, is about to be taken away for witchcraft Proctor is portrayed as caring and selfless, as shown in this quote by John Proctor, â€Å"We are what we always were in Salem, but now the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law! This warrant’s vengeance! I’ll not give my wife to vengeance! † (p72). Elizabeth replies, â€Å"I’ll go John. † (p72) John responds with a quite precise answer, â€Å"You will not go! † (p72) This quote shows that Proctor, no matter what unjust decisions he has made in the past are nothing compared to the passion he feels for his wife, and that he would do anything for her. Furthermore, it allows the audience to see that one person does know what is happening, that most citizens of Salem have succumbed to the childish antics of teenage girls. At the end of Act IV, Proctor is asked to sign a piece of paper confessing that he had consulted with the devil, and that he was practising witchcraft, this quote displays his courage, â€Å"I have confessed myself! Is there no good penitence but it be public? God does not need my name nailed upon the church! God sees my name; God knows how black my sins are! It is enough! † (p123 – p124) This shows that Proctor is willing to save his family by confessing his sins, furthermore he does not want his family to be shunned by Salem. This positions the audience to sympathise with Proctor allowing the audience to like him, and view him as Miller had intended, a hero. Proctor also helps Miller to display the dangers of religious fanaticism, and what can become of a society if theology is so profusely followed; that is, a corrupt and spiteful community, where each individual has their own wellbeing, before they begin to think of any one else. Abigail Williams is a licentious individual who will stop at nothing to secure her previous paramour, John Proctor. She believes that the previous sexual encounter between her and Proctor means he still and always will, love her. Williams is portrayed as the enemy in the play, no doubt that she is more conniving than any other character, as shown in Act I, when she threatens the other girls involved in the so called ‘witchcraft’, she states, â€Å"And mark this. Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. And you know I can do it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p26) This quote clearly shows what Williams is capable of, and that she wants the other girls to know that she will do what is necessary for her to achieve her goal of retaining Proctor. Williams also conveys how deceptive she truly is when talking to her uncle, Parris, about why she was fired by Elizabeth Proctor, from the Proctors’ service in this quote, â€Å"She hates me, uncle, she must, for I would not be her slave. It’s a bitter woman, a lying, cold, snivelling woman, and I will not work for such a woman! (p20) This clearly shows that she does not care who she hurts or whose reputation she blackens, as long as her name is good it does not matter. Miller uses Williams to show that religious fanaticism does not always ensure a civilised humanity. Thomas Putnam is a greedy man who, like Williams, does what is in his power to retrieve, what he believes, is rightfully his. In this case it is supposed, by Giles Corey, that Putna m compelled his daughter, Ruth, to accuse many people in Salem, including George Jacobs, Giles Corey and Goody Osbourn. Goody Osbourn was the Putnam’s midwife many times, and they believe she killed their children, also George Jacob’s was an innocent man accused by Ruth Putnam of sending his spirit to her at night. Giles Corey correctly identified Thomas Putnam for wrongfully accusing persons of witchcraft in order to gain their many acres surrounding his already significant property. The following quote in Act I is stated by Putnam to Parris, â€Å"When Reverend Hale comes, you will proceed to look for signs of witchcraft here. † (p23). This quote shows that Putnam wants the witch-hunt to progress; progression of this will grant Putnam time to declare more of his rivals, in return he will receive their land. The character analysis of Putnam shows that he is also spiteful and like Williams, his own well-being and desires are all that concern him, displaying the disconcerting corruption in the ‘perfect’ society that is Salem. In conclusion, Arthur Miller does in fact use the character construction in the play to position the audience to accept the dominant reading of the play, which is, the dangers of religious fanaticism. Miller does this by depicting the characters in a certain way, such as John Proctor who is portrayed as a hero for he would rather die to keep his name, than live a lie and be shunned by society. It also conveys that the dominant reading, of dangers of religious fanaticism, does not always entail a perfect life. Thus, Arthur Miller succeeded in what he set out to do which was, create a play that is not only successful but conveyed an idea of great importance, that is to display the parallels between the 1692 Salem witch trials and the McCarthyist era, and how easily it is for corruption to surface and become everyday life. The Crucible â€Å"What profit him to bleed? Shall the dust praise him? Shall the worms declare his truth? (145)† Reverend Hale begs Elizabeth to convince John Proctor to convince in order for him not to be hanged. Hale does this because he sees the errors in his ways and knows that Proctor is innocent. In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, Reverend Hale’s despair, Judge Danforth’s integrity, Reverend Parris’ greed exhibit their use of authority. At the beginning of the play, Reverend Hale arrives in Salem eager to try and rid the Devil from the town. But in Act 2, his confidence starts to diminish when he goes to the Proctor’s house to investigate without the court knowing. â€Å"I am a stranger here, as you know. And in my ignorance I find it hard to draw a clear opinion of them that come accused before the court. (63)† This quote shows that Reverend Hale can only make an accurate judgment by getting to know the people accused of the crime and not just by an accusation made in court. It also shows that although he was once positive, Hale begins to show signs of doubting the presence of witchcraft in Salem. Reverend Hale’s despair finally emerges in Act 3 when John Proctor gets convicted because of Abigail William’s absurd accusations. Hale becomes enraged with anger and frustration, and quits the court. Later in Act 4, Hale returns in order to convince the convicted to confess to witchcraft so they will not be hanged. This exemplifies his total loss in faith of the law. When John Proctor is finally hanged, it completes Reverend Hale’s transformation from the beginning where he is optimistic and hopeful of finding witchcraft, to cynical and disgusted. Not only does Reverend Hale show the authority of power, but so does Judge Danforth. In order to try and keep peace in the town of Salem, Judge Danforth looks at the accusations of witchcraft in a very logical and holy way. He thinks he is being guided by God, so nobody can be truly convicted of witchcraft unless they are being controlled by the Devil. Although this seems like a fair way to act in the courtroom, it fails to recognize the lies told by Abigail Williams. â€Å"But you must understand, sir, that a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it, there be no road between. This is a sharp time, now, a precise time- we live no longer in the dusky afternoon when evil mixed itself with good and befuddled the world. (94)† This quote clearly shows that Judge Danforth looks at everybody as being with or against God. Since the court takes the side of God, anyone such as John Proctor, must be conspiring with the Devil. Even though Danforth acts as the defining source of reason, he refuses to see he was wrong at the end of the play. Unlike Judge Danforth, Reverend Parris abuses his authority. Unlike Reverend Hale, Reverend Parris exhibits greed and an overall disregard for humanity. In Act 1, his actions are very misleading because he appears to be scared of revealing that there has been witchcraft in Salem. But he is not concerned due to the presence of witchcraft, but because he does not want to shame his name and lose his job. â€Å"Where is my wood? My contract provides I be supplied with all my firewood. I am waiting since November for a stick, and even in November I had to show my frostbitten hands like some London beggar! (29)† Parris complains of how he has no firewood even though he is supposed to get some. He later goes on to demand the deed for his house and insist on golden candlesticks for the church. These are all example of his greed and how he does not care what other people must do in order for him to get his way. Parris fails to redeem himself which is evident in Act 3 when he commits perjury by telling the court that he never saw the girls in the forest dancing naked, even though he told Abigail that he saw them. But in Act 4, Reverend Parris appears to have a change of heart because he convinces Danforth to postpone the hangings. But this is just another red herring to try and save himself. Parris found a dagger stabbed into his door, and if clearly innocent people are killed, the people of Salem might form an uprising against him. All of Parris’ wrongdoings make him suffer when Abigail steals all of his money and runs away with it to Boston. In The Crucible, Reverend Hale becomes an example of despair, Judge Danforth stands by his integrity, and Reverend Parris is thwarted by his own greed. By the end of the play, all of these characters exhibit their use of authority in positive and negative ways. But one fact that connects all of them is they were swindled by a group of selfish teenage girls. The Crucible The Crucible The playwright, Arthur Miller, uses the character construction in the play to position the audience to accept the dominant reading of the play, which is the concern and dangers of religious fanaticism. The play, The Crucible, is set in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. It is based upon the actual events which led to the ‘Salem witch trials’, a series of hearings to determine which individuals were in fact practicing witchcraft. The play also conveys parallels to the McCarthyist era, during which the playwright was questioned as he had attended Communist meetings, and modern day anti-terror laws, which prevent people of certain backgrounds and cultures to enter countries, as they are immediately sent to prisons, based on appearance and other individuals opinions, that are certainly not based upon facts. The audience is positioned to relate to the concepts in the play, as well as sympathising with characters. Miller does this as it is a way of getting his message to the audience. The dominant reading of the play is religious fanaticism; this is displayed as the town of Salem is ruled by a theocracy. However, the perfect town is hardly that, filled with corruption, betrayal and a never-ending blame game, which evidently causes masses of people to be tried in court resulting in many of them being hung. This concept of doing anything to achieve what you want draws parallels to a number of occurrences. They are, the real Salem witch trials upon which the story is based upon, the McCarthyist era and the modern day anti-terror laws although not directly addressed, the likeness is overwhelming. The anti-terror laws allow, mostly, innocent individuals to be held in prisons around the world simply because they look a certain way or are of a certain race. The comparison drawn is that one does not need evidence, merely a person’s word, true or false. Miller displays certain parallels and concepts to show that religious fanaticism is not always guaranteed a peaceful society, in fact it ensues the opposite. The hero in the play is John Proctor; he is a good man who has unfortunately made one regretful decision, consorting with his previous housemaid, Abigail Williams. Proctors’ wife, Elizabeth, questions his motives and whereabouts, sometimes leaving Proctor feeling undeserving as he has told Williams to leave him alone since the event. He is the hero of the play as he, unlike many other characters, does not feel pressure to succumb to the unreasonable accusations of witchcraft. When Elizabeth Proctor, John Proctor’s wife, is about to be taken away for witchcraft Proctor is portrayed as caring and selfless, as shown in this quote by John Proctor, â€Å"We are what we always were in Salem, but now the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law! This warrant’s vengeance! I’ll not give my wife to vengeance! † (p72). Elizabeth replies, â€Å"I’ll go John. † (p72) John responds with a quite precise answer, â€Å"You will not go! † (p72) This quote shows that Proctor, no matter what unjust decisions he has made in the past are nothing compared to the passion he feels for his wife, and that he would do anything for her. Furthermore, it allows the audience to see that one person does know what is happening, that most citizens of Salem have succumbed to the childish antics of teenage girls. At the end of Act IV, Proctor is asked to sign a piece of paper confessing that he had consulted with the devil, and that he was practising witchcraft, this quote displays his courage, â€Å"I have confessed myself! Is there no good penitence but it be public? God does not need my name nailed upon the church! God sees my name; God knows how black my sins are! It is enough! † (p123 – p124) This shows that Proctor is willing to save his family by confessing his sins, furthermore he does not want his family to be shunned by Salem. This positions the audience to sympathise with Proctor allowing the audience to like him, and view him as Miller had intended, a hero. Proctor also helps Miller to display the dangers of religious fanaticism, and what can become of a society if theology is so profusely followed; that is, a corrupt and spiteful community, where each individual has their own wellbeing, before they begin to think of any one else. Abigail Williams is a licentious individual who will stop at nothing to secure her previous paramour, John Proctor. She believes that the previous sexual encounter between her and Proctor means he still and always will, love her. Williams is portrayed as the enemy in the play, no doubt that she is more conniving than any other character, as shown in Act I, when she threatens the other girls involved in the so called ‘witchcraft’, she states, â€Å"And mark this. Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. And you know I can do it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p26) This quote clearly shows what Williams is capable of, and that she wants the other girls to know that she will do what is necessary for her to achieve her goal of retaining Proctor. Williams also conveys how deceptive she truly is when talking to her uncle, Parris, about why she was fired by Elizabeth Proctor, from the Proctors’ service in this quote, â€Å"She hates me, uncle, she must, for I would not be her slave. It’s a bitter woman, a lying, cold, snivelling woman, and I will not work for such a woman! (p20) This clearly shows that she does not care who she hurts or whose reputation she blackens, as long as her name is good it does not matter. Miller uses Williams to show that religious fanaticism does not always ensure a civilised humanity. Thomas Putnam is a greedy man who, like Williams, does what is in his power to retrieve, what he believes, is rightfully his. In this case it is supposed, by Giles Corey, that Putna m compelled his daughter, Ruth, to accuse many people in Salem, including George Jacobs, Giles Corey and Goody Osbourn. Goody Osbourn was the Putnam’s midwife many times, and they believe she killed their children, also George Jacob’s was an innocent man accused by Ruth Putnam of sending his spirit to her at night. Giles Corey correctly identified Thomas Putnam for wrongfully accusing persons of witchcraft in order to gain their many acres surrounding his already significant property. The following quote in Act I is stated by Putnam to Parris, â€Å"When Reverend Hale comes, you will proceed to look for signs of witchcraft here. † (p23). This quote shows that Putnam wants the witch-hunt to progress; progression of this will grant Putnam time to declare more of his rivals, in return he will receive their land. The character analysis of Putnam shows that he is also spiteful and like Williams, his own well-being and desires are all that concern him, displaying the disconcerting corruption in the ‘perfect’ society that is Salem. In conclusion, Arthur Miller does in fact use the character construction in the play to position the audience to accept the dominant reading of the play, which is, the dangers of religious fanaticism. Miller does this by depicting the characters in a certain way, such as John Proctor who is portrayed as a hero for he would rather die to keep his name, than live a lie and be shunned by society. It also conveys that the dominant reading, of dangers of religious fanaticism, does not always entail a perfect life. Thus, Arthur Miller succeeded in what he set out to do which was, create a play that is not only successful but conveyed an idea of great importance, that is to display the parallels between the 1692 Salem witch trials and the McCarthyist era, and how easily it is for corruption to surface and become everyday life. The Crucible The Crucible The playwright, Arthur Miller, uses the character construction in the play to position the audience to accept the dominant reading of the play, which is the concern and dangers of religious fanaticism. The play, The Crucible, is set in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. It is based upon the actual events which led to the ‘Salem witch trials’, a series of hearings to determine which individuals were in fact practicing witchcraft. The play also conveys parallels to the McCarthyist era, during which the playwright was questioned as he had attended Communist meetings, and modern day anti-terror laws, which prevent people of certain backgrounds and cultures to enter countries, as they are immediately sent to prisons, based on appearance and other individuals opinions, that are certainly not based upon facts. The audience is positioned to relate to the concepts in the play, as well as sympathising with characters. Miller does this as it is a way of getting his message to the audience. The dominant reading of the play is religious fanaticism; this is displayed as the town of Salem is ruled by a theocracy. However, the perfect town is hardly that, filled with corruption, betrayal and a never-ending blame game, which evidently causes masses of people to be tried in court resulting in many of them being hung. This concept of doing anything to achieve what you want draws parallels to a number of occurrences. They are, the real Salem witch trials upon which the story is based upon, the McCarthyist era and the modern day anti-terror laws although not directly addressed, the likeness is overwhelming. The anti-terror laws allow, mostly, innocent individuals to be held in prisons around the world simply because they look a certain way or are of a certain race. The comparison drawn is that one does not need evidence, merely a person’s word, true or false. Miller displays certain parallels and concepts to show that religious fanaticism is not always guaranteed a peaceful society, in fact it ensues the opposite. The hero in the play is John Proctor; he is a good man who has unfortunately made one regretful decision, consorting with his previous housemaid, Abigail Williams. Proctors’ wife, Elizabeth, questions his motives and whereabouts, sometimes leaving Proctor feeling undeserving as he has told Williams to leave him alone since the event. He is the hero of the play as he, unlike many other characters, does not feel pressure to succumb to the unreasonable accusations of witchcraft. When Elizabeth Proctor, John Proctor’s wife, is about to be taken away for witchcraft Proctor is portrayed as caring and selfless, as shown in this quote by John Proctor, â€Å"We are what we always were in Salem, but now the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law! This warrant’s vengeance! I’ll not give my wife to vengeance! † (p72). Elizabeth replies, â€Å"I’ll go John. † (p72) John responds with a quite precise answer, â€Å"You will not go! † (p72) This quote shows that Proctor, no matter what unjust decisions he has made in the past are nothing compared to the passion he feels for his wife, and that he would do anything for her. Furthermore, it allows the audience to see that one person does know what is happening, that most citizens of Salem have succumbed to the childish antics of teenage girls. At the end of Act IV, Proctor is asked to sign a piece of paper confessing that he had consulted with the devil, and that he was practising witchcraft, this quote displays his courage, â€Å"I have confessed myself! Is there no good penitence but it be public? God does not need my name nailed upon the church! God sees my name; God knows how black my sins are! It is enough! † (p123 – p124) This shows that Proctor is willing to save his family by confessing his sins, furthermore he does not want his family to be shunned by Salem. This positions the audience to sympathise with Proctor allowing the audience to like him, and view him as Miller had intended, a hero. Proctor also helps Miller to display the dangers of religious fanaticism, and what can become of a society if theology is so profusely followed; that is, a corrupt and spiteful community, where each individual has their own wellbeing, before they begin to think of any one else. Abigail Williams is a licentious individual who will stop at nothing to secure her previous paramour, John Proctor. She believes that the previous sexual encounter between her and Proctor means he still and always will, love her. Williams is portrayed as the enemy in the play, no doubt that she is more conniving than any other character, as shown in Act I, when she threatens the other girls involved in the so called ‘witchcraft’, she states, â€Å"And mark this. Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. And you know I can do it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p26) This quote clearly shows what Williams is capable of, and that she wants the other girls to know that she will do what is necessary for her to achieve her goal of retaining Proctor. Williams also conveys how deceptive she truly is when talking to her uncle, Parris, about why she was fired by Elizabeth Proctor, from the Proctors’ service in this quote, â€Å"She hates me, uncle, she must, for I would not be her slave. It’s a bitter woman, a lying, cold, snivelling woman, and I will not work for such a woman! (p20) This clearly shows that she does not care who she hurts or whose reputation she blackens, as long as her name is good it does not matter. Miller uses Williams to show that religious fanaticism does not always ensure a civilised humanity. Thomas Putnam is a greedy man who, like Williams, does what is in his power to retrieve, what he believes, is rightfully his. In this case it is supposed, by Giles Corey, that Putna m compelled his daughter, Ruth, to accuse many people in Salem, including George Jacobs, Giles Corey and Goody Osbourn. Goody Osbourn was the Putnam’s midwife many times, and they believe she killed their children, also George Jacob’s was an innocent man accused by Ruth Putnam of sending his spirit to her at night. Giles Corey correctly identified Thomas Putnam for wrongfully accusing persons of witchcraft in order to gain their many acres surrounding his already significant property. The following quote in Act I is stated by Putnam to Parris, â€Å"When Reverend Hale comes, you will proceed to look for signs of witchcraft here. † (p23). This quote shows that Putnam wants the witch-hunt to progress; progression of this will grant Putnam time to declare more of his rivals, in return he will receive their land. The character analysis of Putnam shows that he is also spiteful and like Williams, his own well-being and desires are all that concern him, displaying the disconcerting corruption in the ‘perfect’ society that is Salem. In conclusion, Arthur Miller does in fact use the character construction in the play to position the audience to accept the dominant reading of the play, which is, the dangers of religious fanaticism. Miller does this by depicting the characters in a certain way, such as John Proctor who is portrayed as a hero for he would rather die to keep his name, than live a lie and be shunned by society. It also conveys that the dominant reading, of dangers of religious fanaticism, does not always entail a perfect life. Thus, Arthur Miller succeeded in what he set out to do which was, create a play that is not only successful but conveyed an idea of great importance, that is to display the parallels between the 1692 Salem witch trials and the McCarthyist era, and how easily it is for corruption to surface and become everyday life. The Crucible â€Å"What profit him to bleed? Shall the dust praise him? Shall the worms declare his truth? (145)† Reverend Hale begs Elizabeth to convince John Proctor to convince in order for him not to be hanged. Hale does this because he sees the errors in his ways and knows that Proctor is innocent. In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, Reverend Hale’s despair, Judge Danforth’s integrity, Reverend Parris’ greed exhibit their use of authority. At the beginning of the play, Reverend Hale arrives in Salem eager to try and rid the Devil from the town. But in Act 2, his confidence starts to diminish when he goes to the Proctor’s house to investigate without the court knowing. â€Å"I am a stranger here, as you know. And in my ignorance I find it hard to draw a clear opinion of them that come accused before the court. (63)† This quote shows that Reverend Hale can only make an accurate judgment by getting to know the people accused of the crime and not just by an accusation made in court. It also shows that although he was once positive, Hale begins to show signs of doubting the presence of witchcraft in Salem. Reverend Hale’s despair finally emerges in Act 3 when John Proctor gets convicted because of Abigail William’s absurd accusations. Hale becomes enraged with anger and frustration, and quits the court. Later in Act 4, Hale returns in order to convince the convicted to confess to witchcraft so they will not be hanged. This exemplifies his total loss in faith of the law. When John Proctor is finally hanged, it completes Reverend Hale’s transformation from the beginning where he is optimistic and hopeful of finding witchcraft, to cynical and disgusted. Not only does Reverend Hale show the authority of power, but so does Judge Danforth. In order to try and keep peace in the town of Salem, Judge Danforth looks at the accusations of witchcraft in a very logical and holy way. He thinks he is being guided by God, so nobody can be truly convicted of witchcraft unless they are being controlled by the Devil. Although this seems like a fair way to act in the courtroom, it fails to recognize the lies told by Abigail Williams. â€Å"But you must understand, sir, that a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it, there be no road between. This is a sharp time, now, a precise time- we live no longer in the dusky afternoon when evil mixed itself with good and befuddled the world. (94)† This quote clearly shows that Judge Danforth looks at everybody as being with or against God. Since the court takes the side of God, anyone such as John Proctor, must be conspiring with the Devil. Even though Danforth acts as the defining source of reason, he refuses to see he was wrong at the end of the play. Unlike Judge Danforth, Reverend Parris abuses his authority. Unlike Reverend Hale, Reverend Parris exhibits greed and an overall disregard for humanity. In Act 1, his actions are very misleading because he appears to be scared of revealing that there has been witchcraft in Salem. But he is not concerned due to the presence of witchcraft, but because he does not want to shame his name and lose his job. â€Å"Where is my wood? My contract provides I be supplied with all my firewood. I am waiting since November for a stick, and even in November I had to show my frostbitten hands like some London beggar! (29)† Parris complains of how he has no firewood even though he is supposed to get some. He later goes on to demand the deed for his house and insist on golden candlesticks for the church. These are all example of his greed and how he does not care what other people must do in order for him to get his way. Parris fails to redeem himself which is evident in Act 3 when he commits perjury by telling the court that he never saw the girls in the forest dancing naked, even though he told Abigail that he saw them. But in Act 4, Reverend Parris appears to have a change of heart because he convinces Danforth to postpone the hangings. But this is just another red herring to try and save himself. Parris found a dagger stabbed into his door, and if clearly innocent people are killed, the people of Salem might form an uprising against him. All of Parris’ wrongdoings make him suffer when Abigail steals all of his money and runs away with it to Boston. In The Crucible, Reverend Hale becomes an example of despair, Judge Danforth stands by his integrity, and Reverend Parris is thwarted by his own greed. By the end of the play, all of these characters exhibit their use of authority in positive and negative ways. But one fact that connects all of them is they were swindled by a group of selfish teenage girls.